Windows Exfiltration Over C2 Via Powershell UploadString

name: Windows Exfiltration Over C2 Via Powershell UploadString
id: 59e8bf41-7472-412a-90d3-00f3afa452e9
version: 10
date: '2026-03-10'
author: Teoderick Contreras, Splunk
status: production
type: TTP
data_source:
    - Powershell Script Block Logging 4104
description: The following analytic identifies potential data exfiltration using the PowerShell `net.webclient` command with the `UploadString` method. It leverages PowerShell Script Block Logging to detect instances where this command is executed. This activity is significant as it may indicate an attempt to upload sensitive data, such as desktop screenshots or files, to an external or internal URI, often associated with malware like Winter-Vivern. If confirmed malicious, this could lead to unauthorized data transfer, compromising sensitive information and potentially leading to further exploitation of the compromised host.
search: |-
    `powershell` EventCode=4104 ScriptBlockText = "*Net.webclient*" AND ScriptBlockText = "*.UploadString*"
      | fillnull
      | stats count min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime
        BY dest signature signature_id
           user_id vendor_product EventID
           Guid Opcode Name
           Path ProcessID ScriptBlockId
           ScriptBlockText
      | `security_content_ctime(firstTime)`
      | `security_content_ctime(lastTime)`
      | `windows_exfiltration_over_c2_via_powershell_uploadstring_filter`
how_to_implement: To successfully implement this analytic, you will need to enable PowerShell Script Block Logging on some or all endpoints. Additional setup here https://help.splunk.com/en/security-offerings/splunk-user-behavior-analytics/get-data-in/5.4.1/add-other-data-to-splunk-uba/configure-powershell-logging-to-see-powershell-anomalies-in-splunk-uba.
known_false_positives: False positives should be limited. Filter as needed.
references:
    - https://twitter.com/_CERT_UA/status/1620781684257091584
    - https://cert.gov.ua/article/3761104
drilldown_searches:
    - name: View the detection results for - "$Computer$"
      search: '%original_detection_search% | search  Computer = "$Computer$"'
      earliest_offset: $info_min_time$
      latest_offset: $info_max_time$
    - name: View risk events for the last 7 days for - "$Computer$"
      search: '| from datamodel Risk.All_Risk | search normalized_risk_object IN ("$Computer$") starthoursago=168  | stats count min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime values(search_name) as "Search Name" values(risk_message) as "Risk Message" values(analyticstories) as "Analytic Stories" values(annotations._all) as "Annotations" values(annotations.mitre_attack.mitre_tactic) as "ATT&CK Tactics" by normalized_risk_object | `security_content_ctime(firstTime)` | `security_content_ctime(lastTime)`'
      earliest_offset: $info_min_time$
      latest_offset: $info_max_time$
rba:
    message: A PowerShell script on $dest$ is attempting to transfer files to a remote URL.
    risk_objects:
        - field: dest
          type: system
          score: 50
    threat_objects: []
tags:
    analytic_story:
        - APT37 Rustonotto and FadeStealer
        - Winter Vivern
    asset_type: Endpoint
    mitre_attack_id:
        - T1041
    product:
        - Splunk Enterprise
        - Splunk Enterprise Security
        - Splunk Cloud
    security_domain: endpoint
tests:
    - name: True Positive Test
      attack_data:
        - data: https://media.githubusercontent.com/media/splunk/attack_data/master/datasets/malware/winter-vivern/pwh_uploadstring/windows-powershell-xml.log
          source: XmlWinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-PowerShell/Operational
          sourcetype: XmlWinEventLog